Earlier this month, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) released Form 15620, which is an approved IRS form for making Internal Revenue Code (“Code”) Section 83(b) elections. By way of background, Code Section 83(b) provides taxpayers with the ability to include the fair market value of nonvested property over the
Proposed Regulations Issued on Reporting Obligations for Basket Contract Transactions
1. Introduction.
On July 12, 2024, the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”) and the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) issued proposed regulations that would classify “basket contract transactions”, which are derivatives (i) with a term of more than a year (or that spans two taxable years), (ii) that reference a…
UK government consults on taxation of carried interest
The newly elected UK Labour government published its call for evidence (see link here) on the taxation of carried interest on Monday 29 July 2024. This consultation by HM Treasury, cautiously anticipated following statements made during Labour’s election campaign, will remain open until 30 August 2024 during which time…
UK Supreme Court confirms no deduction for expenses related to share and asset sale
On 16 July 2024, the UK Supreme Court (SC) published its judgment in the case of Centrica Overseas Holdings Ltd (COHL) v HMRC. The ruling addresses the issue of whether professional advisory fees incurred in contemplation of a sale of a group company (actually resulting in a sale of…
Supreme Court Rules on Moore v. U.S. – Upholds Mandatory Repatriation Tax
On June 20, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 7-2 that the so called mandatory repatriation tax under Internal Revenue Code Section 965 (“MRT”) is constitutional.
Justice Kavanaugh wrote the majority opinion. Justice Thomas (joined by Justice Gorsuch) dissented. Justice Barrett (joined by Justice Alito) and Justice Jackson delivered separate…
Final Regulations on Domestically Controlled REITs
- Introduction
On April 24, 2024, the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”) and the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) issued final regulations[1] on the definition of “domestically controlled” real estate investment trusts (“REITs”) (the “Final Regulations”). The Final Regulations retain…
Summary of the Biden Administration’s Fiscal Year 2025 Green Book Tax Proposals
On March 11, 2024, the Biden Administration released the Fiscal Year 2025 Budget, and the “General Explanations of the Administration’s Fiscal Year 2025 Revenue Proposals,” which is commonly referred to as the “Green Book.” The Green Book summarizes the Administration’s tax proposals contained in the Budget. The Green Book is not…
Recent Updates from the IRS and Treasury on the Superfund Chemical Tax
I. Executive Summary
On February 15, 2024, the IRS and Treasury issued a supplemental notice to a prior notice from December 2022, to correct a petition requesting that the Superfund Chemical Tax apply to polyphenylene sulfide. While the supplemental notice is narrow in scope, the IRS and Treasury have requested…
Tax Court holds that an offshore fund is engaged in a U.S. trade or business
On November 15, 2023, the U.S. Tax Court held in YA Global Investments v. Commissioner[1] that a non-U.S. private equity fund (YA Global) with a U.S. asset manager that bought equity and convertible debt of U.S. portfolio companies was engaged in the conduct of a trade or business within the United States for U.S. federal income tax purposes, all of its income was “effectively connected” to that trade or business, and the fund (which was treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) was liable for penalties and interest for failing to withhold with respect to its non-U.S. corporate feeder fund partner.
- YA Global made loans and convertible loans and entered into standby equity distribution agreements (“SEDAs”) to purchase equity. It entered into hundreds of these transactions over the years in question. YA Global described itself as providing underwriting services, its manager received structuring fees and banker’s fees, and YA Global itself received commitment fees. The Tax Court held that YA Global provided services, and therefore was engaged in a trade or business in the United States for tax purposes.
- The case provides a reminder that labels matter and taxpayers should not assume that they will be able to assert a substance argument which conflicts with their own form. For example, the outcome of the case may have been different had YA Global received all of the fee income that was paid to its manager and if the upfront payments had not been labeled as “fees”. It certainly would have been easier to argue such income was earned for the provision of capital rather than for services if the income actually had been earned by the entity providing the capital and if the income was not called “fees”. Where it is not possible to adopt a corporate form that is consistent with the intended tax treatment, it also can be helpful for the parties to agree on the tax treatment of the payment and explicitly state that agreed intention in the transaction documents.
- The IRS argued that YA Global’s manager should be treated as YA Global’s agent merely because it was acting on behalf of YA Global. However, the court declined to adopt such a broad standard, instead holding that it is the power to provide interim instructions that made the manager YA Global’s agent. The court found that YA Global had that power based on a provision in its governing documents requiring it to promptly advise its manager of any relevant investment restrictions. It is doubtful that future courts will follow this very narrow view of agency, and, therefore, funds should not rely on it. However, funds whose managers have full discretion to invest on their behalf will have a second defense against an assertion that they are engaged in a U.S. trade or business.
- YA Global held many of its securities for 12-24 months, told its investors that it sought “capital appreciation”, and had returns similar to venture capital funds (some investments doubled in value and a large number experienced losses). Despite this, the court held that YA Global was a “dealer in securities” for purposes of section 475, and that its portfolio companies were “customers”. Again, YA Global’s characterization of its own business to these portfolio companies as being a low-risk spread business likely worked against it.
Senate Finance Committee Requests Public Comments on Digital Asset Taxation
On July 11, 2023, the Senate Finance Committee released an open letter to the Digital Asset Community asking a variety of questions in connection with possible future legislation. Public comments must be emailed to the Senate Finance Committee staff at responses@finance.senate.gov by September 8, 2023. The questions are related to the following nine general areas.
- Marking-to-market for traders and dealers;
- Trading safe harbor;
- Treatment of loans of digital assets;
- Wash sales;
- Constructive sales;
- Timing and source of income earned from staking and mining;
- Nonfunctional currency;
- FATCA and FBAR reporting; and
- Valuation and substantiation.
The balance of this blog describes each area, lists each question, and discusses certain of them.